Description
AMF03 mounting fixture
Albedo, also called solar reflectance, is defined as the ratio of the reflected to the global radiation. The solar albedo depends on the directional distribution of incoming radiation and on surface properties at ground level. Albedos of typical surfaces range from about 4 % for fresh asphalt and 15 % for green grass to 90 % for fresh snow.
An albedometer is an instrument composed of two pyranometers, the up-facing one measuring global solar radiation, the downfacing one measuring reflected solar radiation. You can then derive the solar albedo, or solar reflectance, and net solar radiation. Albedometers are increasingly popular in bifacial PV module performance monitoring.
You may use one AMF03 albedometer kit and two models of SR30 pyranometers to construct an albedometer of Spectrally Flat Class A, the highest accuracy class according to ISO 9060 (formerly known as ‘secondary standard’). AMF03 may also be combined with model SR15 pyranometers to construct a Spectrally Flat Class B albedometer. The modular design facilitates the maintenance and calibration of the pyranometers. By taking the instrument apart you can use normal indoor calibration facilities for instrument calibration. SR30-M2-D1 and SR15 series pyranometers (SR15-A1, SR15-D1, and SR15-D2A2) are supplied with several outputs; analog millivolts, 4-20 mA current loop, and Modbus over RS-485 are the most commonly used.
AMF03 is easy to use. It allows you to combine two separate SR30-D1 or SR15 series pyranometers creating one SRA30-D1 or SRA15 series albedometer. All you need are two suitable pyranometers and the AMF03 kit. Mounting instructions and a set of hex keys are delivered with AMF03. AMF03 also includes a glare screen.
A glare screen is a metal ring, mounted on the downfacing sensor. At solar elevations of < 5 °, when the sun is just above the horizon, the glare screen prevents direct solar radiation then is measured by the downfacing sensor. This is important because it would lead to unrealistic albedo measurements. Modern data quality assurance can also attain the data quality by calculating solar elevation and rejecting any data at solar elevations below a certain value, for example < 10 °.
Leveling and mounting may be completed by using the ALF01 leveling fixture and CMF01 crossarm mounting fixture to mount the crossarm to a mast.
Suggested Use
- PV monitoring with bifacial solar modules
- high-accuracy meteorological observations
- building physics, roof reflectance studies
- extreme climates (tropical / polar)
Areas of Application
- Meteorology / surface energy flux measurement
- Solar energy / PV system performance monitoring
Accessories
- ALF01
- CMF01
Specifications
| Purpose | construction of an albedometer when combined with 2 pyranometers |
|---|---|
| Instrument compatibility | SR30-M2-D1, SR30-D1, SR15 series (SR15-A1, SR15-D1, SR15-D2A2) |
| Included parts | 1 x glare screen; 1 x AMF03 fixture with rod; 1 x conical positioner; 2 x M5x12 socket head cap screw; 1 x M6x8 socket head cap screw, 2 x M8x12 set screw; 1 x mounting and fixation instruction sheet |
| Rod diameter | 15 x 10⁻³ m |
| Albedometer measurand | global solar radiation and reflected solar radiation |
| Optional albedometer measurand | net solar radiation |
| Options | ALF01 is a leveling tool that can be used with AMF02, AMF03, or SRA series albedometers to easily level the instrument. |
Frequently asked questions
How does a pyranometer work?
A pyranometer measures the solar radiation received by a plane surface from a 180 ° field of view angle. This quantity, expressed in W/m², is called “hemispherical” solar radiation. The solar radiation spectrum extends roughly from 285 to 3000 x 10⁻⁹ m. By definition a pyranometer should cover that spectral range with a spectral selectivity that is as “flat” as possible.
In an irradiance measurement by definition the response to “beam” radiation varies with the cosine of the angle of incidence; i.e. it should have full response when the solar radiation hits the sensor perpendicularly (normal to the surface, sun at zenith, 0 ° angle of incidence), zero response when the sun is at the horizon (90 ° angle of incidence, 90 ° zenith angle), and 50 % of full response at 60 ° angle of incidence. A pyranometer should have a so-called “directional response” (older documents mention “cosine response”) that is as close as possible to the ideal cosine characteristic.
In order to attain the proper directional and spectral characteristics, a pyranometer’s main components are:
• a thermal sensor with black coating. It has a flat spectrum covering the 200 to 50000 x 10⁻⁹ m range, and has a near-perfect directional response. The coating absorbs all solar radiation and, at the moment of absorption, converts it to heat. The heat flows through the sensor to the sensor body. The thermopile sensor generates a voltage output signal that is proportional to the solar irradiance.
• a glass dome. This dome limits the spectral range from 285 to 3000 x 10⁻⁹ m (cutting off the part above 3000 x 10⁻⁹ m), while preserving the 180 ° field of view angle. Another function of the dome is that it shields the thermopile sensor from the environment (convection, rain).
• a second (inner) glass dome: For secondary standard and first class pyranometers, two domes are used, and not one single dome. This construction provides an additional “radiation shield”, resulting in a better thermal equilibrium between the sensor and inner dome, compared to using a single dome. The effect of having a second dome is a strong reduction of instrument offsets.
• a heater: in order to reduce the effect of dew deposition and frost on the outer dome surface, most advanced pyranometers have a built-in heater. The heater is coupled to the sensor body. Heating a pyranometer can generate additional irradiance offset signals, therefore it is recommended to activate the heater only during night-time. Combining a heater with external ventilation makes these heating offsets very low.
Why use a pyranometer?
There are good reasons why pyranometers are the standard for solar radiation measurement in outdoor PV system performance monitoring.
The purpose of outdoor PV testing is to compare the available resource to system output and thus to determine efficiency. The efficiency estimate serves as an indication of overall performance and stability. It also serves as a reference for remote diagnostics and need for servicing.
The irradiance measurement for outdoor PV performance monitoring is usually carried out with pyranometers. Some standards suggest using PV reference cells. Reference cells are (with some minor exceptions) unsuitable for proof in bankability and in proof of PV system efficiency. Pyranometers are and will remain the standard for outdoor solar energy monitoring.
From a fundamental point of view:
- Pyranometers measure truly available solar irradiance (so the amount of available resource). This is the parameter you need to have for a true efficiency calculation.
- Reference cells measure only that part of solar radiation that can be used by cells of identical material and identical packaging (flat window), so the yield of a certain PV cell type. This is not a measurement that can be used in an efficiency calculation and in fact leads to several percentage points error in efficiency estimates.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) and ASTM standards for PV monitoring recommend pyranometers for outdoor PV monitoring. PV reference cells do not meet IEC 61724-1 class A requirements for irradiance measurement uncertainty: their directional response makes them systematically overestimate daily radiant exposure in J/m2 (or W·hr/m2 ) by more than 2 %, larger on hourly basis.
How do I choose a pyranometer?
Choosing the right pyranometer for your application is not an easy task. We can offer assistance. But first, you should ask yourself the following questions:
- are there standards for my application?
- what level of accuracy do I need?
- what will be the instrument maintenance level?
- what are the interfacing possibilities?
When discussing with Hukseflux, our recommendation for the best suited pyranometer will be based on:
- recommended pyranometer class
- recommended maintenance level
- estimate of the measurement accuracy
- recommended calibration policy
- recommended interface
Pyranometers can be manufactured to different specifications and with different levels of verification and characterisation during production. The ISO 9060 – 1990 standard, “Solar energy – specification and classification of instruments for measuring hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation”, distinguishes between 3 classes; secondary standard (highest accuracy), first class (second highest accuracy) and second class (third highest accuracy). From second class to first class and from first class to secondary standard, the achievable accuracy improves by a factor 2.
The ISO 9060 – 1990 standard is up for revision. The new 2018 version of the standard will be slightly different from the 1990 version. The new version of ISO 9060 includes three instrument accuracy classes A, B and C, and a special extension of every class “Spectrally Flat”, which is recommended for Plane of Array (POA), albedo, and reflected solar measurements.
Our pyranometer selection guide offers practical guidelines for choosing a pyranometer. The application of pyranometers in PV system performance monitoring according to IEC 61724-1 is highlighted as an example. Sensors specific for diffuse radiation and meteorological networks are also addressed in this selection guide.
What is the difference between a pyrheliometer and a pyranometer?
A pyranometer measures hemispherical solar radiation. When measuring in the horizontal plane this is called Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI). When measuring in “plane of array”, next to PV panels, this is called plane of array POA irradiance.
A pyrheliometer is used to measure Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI). DNI is defined as the solar radiant flux collected by a plane unit surface normal to the axis pointing towards the centre of the sun, within an optical angular aperture. DNI is composed of the solar irradiance within the extent of the solar disk (half-angle 0.266 ° ± 1.7 %) plus some circumsolar radiation.
